HL Option D

D.7 Taxol

Guidance:
The structure of taxol is provided in the data booklet in section 37.

Understandings:
Taxol is a drug that is commonly used to treat several different forms of cancer.
Taxol naturally occurs in yew trees but is now commonly synthetically produced.
Applications and skills:
Explanation of how taxol (paclitaxel) is obtained and used as a chemotherapeutic agent.

D.7 Chiral auxiliaries

Understandings:
A chiral auxiliary is an optically active substance that is temporarily incorporated into an organic synthesis so that it can be carried out asymmetrically with the selective formation of a single enantiomer.
Applications and skills:
Description of the use of chiral auxiliaries to form the desired enantiomer.
Explanation of the use of a polarimeter to identify enantiomers.

D.8 Radiotherapy

Understandings:
Radiotherapy can be internal and/or external.
Applications and skills:
Discussion of common side effects from radiotherapy.

D.8 Types of radioactive decay

Understandings:
Alpha, beta, gamma, proton, neutron and positron emissions are all used for medical treatment.
Applications and skills:
Balancing nuclear equations involving alpha and beta particles.
Note that this video does not cover neutron capture; students are only required to be able to balance equations involving Alpha and Beta particles.

D.8 Targeted alpha therapy

Understandings:
Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT) is used in cancer treatment.
Applications and skills:
Explanation of TAT and how it might be used to treat diseases that have spread throughout the body.
Balancing nuclear equations involving alpha and beta particles.

D.8 Boron neutron capture therapy

Understandings:
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is used in cancer treatment.

D.8 Isotopes used in radiotherapy

Applications and skills:
Explanation of why technetium-99m is the most common radioisotope used in nuclear medicine based on its half-life, emission type and chemistry.
Explanation of why lutetium-177 and yttrium-90 are common isotopes used for radiotherapy based on the type of radiation emitted.

D.8 Half-life calculations

Applications and skills:
Calculation of the percentage and amount of radioactive material decayed and remaining after a certain period of time using the nuclear half-life equation.

D.9 Analysis of organic structures through the use of infrared spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and proton NMR

Understandings:
Organic structures can be analysed and identified through the use of infrared spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and proton NMR.
Applications and skills:
Interpretation of a variety of analytical spectra to determine an organic structure including infrared spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and proton NMR.
Guidance:
Students should be able to identify common organic functional groups in a given compound by recognition of common drug structures and from IR (section 26 of the data booklet), 1H NMR (section 27 of the data booklet) and mass spectral fragment (section 28 of the data booklet) data.

D.9 Breath alcohol testing devices

Understandings:
The presence of alcohol in a sample of breath can be detected through the use of either a redox reaction or a fuel cell type of breathalyser.
Applications and skills:
Explanation of how alcohol can be detected with the use of a breathalyser.

D.9 Extraction and purification of organic products

Applications and skills:
Description of the process of extraction and purification of an organic product.
Consider the use of fractional distillation, Raoult’s law, the properties on which extractions are based and explaining the relationship between organic structure and solubility.
Note that Raoult's law will be covered in the next video.

D.9 Steroid detection in sports

Applications and skills:
Description of the process of steroid detection in sport utilizing chromatography and mass spectroscopy.
Guidance:
A common steroid structure is provided in section 34 in the data booklet.