MSJChem - Tutorial videos for IB Chemistry
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  • SL Syllabus (last exams 2024)
    • Topic 1 Stoichiometric relationships
    • Topic 2 Atomic structure
    • Topic 3 Periodicity
    • Topic 4 Bonding
    • Topic 5 Energetics
    • Topic 6 Kinetics
    • Topic 7 Equilibrium
    • Topic 8 Acids and bases
    • Topic 9 Oxidation and reduction
    • Topic 10 Organic chemistry
    • Topic 11 Measurement and data processing
  • HL syllabus (last exams 2024)
    • Topic 12 Atomic structure HL
    • Topic 13 Periodicity HL
    • Topic 14 Bonding HL
    • Topic 15 Energetics HL
    • Topic 16 Kinetics HL
    • Topic 17 Equilibrium HL
    • Topic 18 Acids and bases HL
    • Topic 19 Redox HL
    • Topic 20 Organic chemistry HL
    • Topic 21 Measurement and data processing
  • Options (last exams 2024)
    • SL Option A
    • HL Option A
    • SL Option B
    • HL Option B
    • SL Option C
    • HL Option C
    • SL Option D
    • HL Option D
  • Exam review (last exams 2024)
  • New syllabus (first exams 2025)
    • Structure 1.1 Models of the particulate nature of matter
    • Structure 1.2 The nuclear atom
    • Structure 1.3 Electron configurations >
      • Structure 1.3 Electron configurations HL
    • Structure 1.4 Counting particles by mass: The mole
    • Structure 1.5 Ideal gases
    • Structure 2.1 The ionic model
    • Structure 2.2 The covalent model >
      • Structure 2.2 The covalent model (HL)
    • Structure 2.3 The metallic model
    • Structure 2.4 From models to materials
    • Structure 3.1 The periodic table : Classification of elements >
      • Structure 3.1 The periodic table: Classification of elements (HL)
    • Structure 3.2 Functional groups: Classification of organic compounds >
      • Structure 3.2 Functional groups: Classification of organic compounds (HL)
    • Reactivity 1.1 Measuring enthalpy changes
    • Reactivity 1.2 Energy cycles in reactions >
      • Reactivity 1.2 Energy cycles in reactions (HL)
    • Reactivity 1.3 Energy from fuels
    • Reactivity 1.4 Entropy and spontaneity (HL)
    • Reactivity 2.1 How much? The amount of chemical change
    • Reactivity 2.2 How fast? The rate of chemical change >
      • Reactivity 2.2 How fast? The rate of chemical change (HL)
    • Reactivity 2.3 How far? The extent of chemical change >
      • Reactivity 2.3 How far? The extent of chemical change (HL)
    • Reactivity 3.1 Proton transfer reactions >
      • Reactivity 3.1 Proton transfer reactions (HL)
    • Reactivity 3.2 Electron transfer reactions >
      • Reactivity 3.2 Electron transfer reactions (HL)
    • Reactivity 3.3 Electron sharing reactions
    • Reactivity 3.4 Electron-pair sharing reactions >
      • Reactivity 3.4 Electron-pair sharing reactions (HL)
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Topic 20 Organic chemistry HL

20.1 Organic acid and bases 
This video covers organic acids and bases.

20.1 Electrophiles and nucleophiles 
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This video is an introduction to electrophiles and nucleophiles.

20.1 Introduction to nucleophilic substitution reactions 
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This video is an introduction to nucleophilic substitution reactions.

20.1 SN1 and SN2 mechanisms
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Understandings:
SN1 represents a nucleophilic unimolecular substitution reaction. 
SN1 involves a carbocation intermediate. 
For tertiary halogenoalkanes  the predominant mechanism is SN1
The rate determining step (slow step) in an SN1 reaction depends only on the concentration of the halogenoalkane,  rate = k[halogenoalkane]. 
SN2 represents a nucleophilic bimolecular substitution reaction.
SN2 involves a concerted reaction with a transition state.
For primary halogenoalkanes  the predominant mechanism is SN2. Both mechanisms occur for secondary halogenoalkanes.
For SN2, rate = k[halogenoalkane][nucleophile]. 
SN2 is stereospecific with an inversion of configuration at the carbon.
SN2 reactions are best conducted using aprotic, polar solvents.
Applications and skills:
Deduction of the mechanism of the nucleophilic substitution reactions of halogenoalkanes  with aqueous sodium hydroxide in terms of SN1 and SN2 mechanisms.


20.1 Choice of solvent for SN1 and SN2 reactions 
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Understandings:
SN2 reactions are best conducted using aprotic, polar solvents.
SN1 reactions are best conducted using protic, polar solvents.
Applications and skills:
Outline of the difference between protic and aprotic solvents.

20.1 Stereochemistry of SN reactions 
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This video covers the stereochemistry of SN1 and SN2 reactions.

20.1 Comparison of SN1 and SN2 reactions 
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This video is a comparison of SN1 and SN2 reactions. 
Not mentioned in the video, but important:
Tertiary halogenoalkanes react faster via the SN1 mechanism than primary halogenoalkanes do via the SN2 mechanism. The order in terms of rate of reaction (fastest first) is:
Tertiary > secondary > primary
Comparison of SN reactions worksheet 
Comparison of SN reactions worksheet ​(answers)

20.1 Comparison on hydroxide ion and water molecule as nucleophiles 
Applications and skills:
Explanation of why hydroxide is a better nucleophile than water.

20.1 Electrophilic addition reactions 
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Applications and skills:
Electrophilic Addition Reactions:
Deduction of the mechanism of the electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes with halogens/interhalogens and hydrogen halides.

20.1 Markovnikov's rule 
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Practice worksheet
Understandings:
Markovnikov’s rule can be applied to predict the major product in electrophilic addition reactions of unsymmetrical alkenes with hydrogen halides and interhalogens. The formation of the major product can be explained in terms of the relative stability of possible carbocations in the reaction mechanism.


20.1 Nitration of benzene
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Applications and skills:
Electrophilic Substitution Reactions:
Deduction of the mechanism of the nitration (electrophilic substitution) reaction of benzene (using a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid).

20.1 Reduction of carbonyl compounds 
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I should point out that the reduction of a carboxylic acid using lithium aluminium hydride first involves the formation of an aldehyde which then immediately reacts with the reducing agent to form a primary alcohol. So basically it is not possible to obtain an aldehyde using lithium aluminium hydride (although it is produced in the reaction). There are other ways to reduce a carboxylic acid to an aldehyde such as Fukuyama reduction, although this is not covered in the IB chemistry syllabus.
Understandings: 
Reduction Reactions:
Carboxylic acids can be reduced to primary alcohols (via the aldehyde).
Ketones can be reduced to secondary alcohols. Typical reducing agents are lithium aluminium hydride (used to reduce carboxylic acids) and sodium borohydride.
Applications and skills:
Writing reduction reactions of carbonyl containing compounds: aldehydes and ketones to primary and secondary alcohols and carboxylic acids to primary alcohols, using suitable reducing agents.

20.1 Reduction of nitrobenzene
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Application and skills:
Reduction reactions
Conversion of nitrobenzene to phenylamine via a two-stage reaction.

20.2 Organic reaction pathways 
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A summary of the reaction pathways in topic 10.1 and 20.1 (not including the reactions of benzene). 
Guidance:
Conversions with more than four stages will not be assessed in synthetic routes.
Reaction types can cover any of the reactions covered in topic 10 and sub-topic 20.1.

20.2 Retro-synthesis 
Understandings:
Retro-synthesis  of organic compounds.
Applications and skills:
Deduction of multi-step synthetic routes given starting reagents and the product(s).
Guidance:
Conversions with more than four stages will not be assessed in synthetic routes.
Reaction types can cover any of the reactions covered in topic 10 and sub-topic 20.1.

20.3 Introduction to isomerism 
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Understandings:
Stereoisomers are subdivided into two classes—conformational isomers, which interconvert by rotation about a σ bond and configurational isomers that interconvert only by breaking and reforming a bond.
Configurational  isomers  are further subdivided  into cis-trans  and E/Z isomers and optical isomers.

20.3 Conformational isomerism
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Conformational isomers interconvert by rotation around a single bond.

20.3 cis-trans isomerism 
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Understandings:
Cis-trans isomers can occur in alkenes or cycloalkanes (or heteroanalogues) and differ in the positions of atoms (or groups) relative to a reference plane. 
Applications and skills:
Construction of 3-D models (real or virtual) of a wide range of stereoisomers.
Guidance:
The term geometric isomers as recommended by IUPAC is now obsolete and cis-trans isomers and E/Z isomers should be encouraged in the teaching programme.

20.3 Physical properties of cis-trans isomers
This video covers the differences in melting point and boiling point between cis-trans isomers. 

20.3 E/Z isomerism 
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Understandings:
According to IUPAC, E/Z isomers refer to alkenes of the form R1R2C=CR3R4 (R1 ≠ R2, R3 ≠ R4) where neither R1 nor R2 need be different from R3 or R4.

20.3 Optical isomerism 
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Understandings:
A chiral carbon is a carbon joined to four different atoms or groups.Optical isomers are enantiomers. Enantiomers are non-superimposeable  mirror images of each other. 

20.3 Optical isomerism - use of a polarimeter 
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Understandings:
An optically active compound can rotate the plane of polarized light as it passes through a solution of the compound.
A racemic mixture (or racemate) is a mixture of two enantiomers in equal amounts and is optically inactive.
Applications and skills:
Distinction between optical isomers using a polarimeter.


20.3 Diastereomers 
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Understandings:
Diastereomers are not mirror images of each other.


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  • Home
    • About
    • Blog
    • Online tutoring
    • Privacy policy
  • Member's Area
  • SL Syllabus (last exams 2024)
    • Topic 1 Stoichiometric relationships
    • Topic 2 Atomic structure
    • Topic 3 Periodicity
    • Topic 4 Bonding
    • Topic 5 Energetics
    • Topic 6 Kinetics
    • Topic 7 Equilibrium
    • Topic 8 Acids and bases
    • Topic 9 Oxidation and reduction
    • Topic 10 Organic chemistry
    • Topic 11 Measurement and data processing
  • HL syllabus (last exams 2024)
    • Topic 12 Atomic structure HL
    • Topic 13 Periodicity HL
    • Topic 14 Bonding HL
    • Topic 15 Energetics HL
    • Topic 16 Kinetics HL
    • Topic 17 Equilibrium HL
    • Topic 18 Acids and bases HL
    • Topic 19 Redox HL
    • Topic 20 Organic chemistry HL
    • Topic 21 Measurement and data processing
  • Options (last exams 2024)
    • SL Option A
    • HL Option A
    • SL Option B
    • HL Option B
    • SL Option C
    • HL Option C
    • SL Option D
    • HL Option D
  • Exam review (last exams 2024)
  • New syllabus (first exams 2025)
    • Structure 1.1 Models of the particulate nature of matter
    • Structure 1.2 The nuclear atom
    • Structure 1.3 Electron configurations >
      • Structure 1.3 Electron configurations HL
    • Structure 1.4 Counting particles by mass: The mole
    • Structure 1.5 Ideal gases
    • Structure 2.1 The ionic model
    • Structure 2.2 The covalent model >
      • Structure 2.2 The covalent model (HL)
    • Structure 2.3 The metallic model
    • Structure 2.4 From models to materials
    • Structure 3.1 The periodic table : Classification of elements >
      • Structure 3.1 The periodic table: Classification of elements (HL)
    • Structure 3.2 Functional groups: Classification of organic compounds >
      • Structure 3.2 Functional groups: Classification of organic compounds (HL)
    • Reactivity 1.1 Measuring enthalpy changes
    • Reactivity 1.2 Energy cycles in reactions >
      • Reactivity 1.2 Energy cycles in reactions (HL)
    • Reactivity 1.3 Energy from fuels
    • Reactivity 1.4 Entropy and spontaneity (HL)
    • Reactivity 2.1 How much? The amount of chemical change
    • Reactivity 2.2 How fast? The rate of chemical change >
      • Reactivity 2.2 How fast? The rate of chemical change (HL)
    • Reactivity 2.3 How far? The extent of chemical change >
      • Reactivity 2.3 How far? The extent of chemical change (HL)
    • Reactivity 3.1 Proton transfer reactions >
      • Reactivity 3.1 Proton transfer reactions (HL)
    • Reactivity 3.2 Electron transfer reactions >
      • Reactivity 3.2 Electron transfer reactions (HL)
    • Reactivity 3.3 Electron sharing reactions
    • Reactivity 3.4 Electron-pair sharing reactions >
      • Reactivity 3.4 Electron-pair sharing reactions (HL)